Lushootseed culture has often been overshadowed by the "totem pole cultures" of the Northwest Coast and the "tipiĬultures" of the Great Plains. Lived to the south, and the Cascades formed a boundary, crossed by high mountain trails, with the Yakama and other peoples of the Their northern neighbors were the Lummi and Nooksack peoples, while the Twana, Chimacum, and S'Klallam lived to the west. Lushootseed territories covered a large part of what is now western Washington, from near present-day Bellingham south to the stateĬapital of Olympia, and from the Cascade Mountains west to Hood Canal. (See also: "Snoqualmie-Duwamish Dialects of Puget Sound Salish".) Made up of many local dialects, that was spoken throughout the region. LushootseedĬomes from two words, one meaning "salt water" and the other meaning "language," and refers to the common language, In this essay, they are called the Lushootseed peoples. Reservations such as Duwamish, Nisqually, Skagit, and Snoqualmie. The Native Americans of Puget Sound have been known as Puget Salish and Southern Coast Salish, and by various spellings of tribes and Into the 21st Century: Survival and Adaptation.The World Changes: The Coming of Europeans and Americans.Weaving a Life Together: Body, House, Community, Cosmos.Circling through the Seasons: Gathering Wealth from Land, River, and Sea.Figures in the Landscape: Spirit Powers and Religious Traditions.Making the World as It Is: The Transformer Stories.Introduction: The People of Huchoosedah.The authors have written their account colorfully and movingly from the Indian point of view, and they effectively present the special identity of Pacific Northwest Indians.1998 LC/Ameritech Grant Proposal Essay by Coll-Peter Thrush Many extraordinary individuals are portrayed in this history. Only truly extraordinary individuals could resist the changes introduced by the whites: the appropriation of traditional food-gathering and hunting grounds formerly held in common, the introduction of a cash economy, the demands of Christianity, confinement on reservations and farms and in schools, and allotment. The few who survived were too weak to drive out the white settlers. Indian religious leaders, such as Spokane Garry and the Dreamer prophet Smohalla, were almost as important as the fighting chiefs.īy the 1840s epidemics had cut the Indians’ numbers by two-thirds. Catholic black robes and Protestants in buckskins competed with mixed success for the Indian’s souls, while at the same time native religions held sway. Missionaries and settlers followed the traders. They took the pelts of the sea otter, seal, beaver, and buffalo in return. The whites brought gimcracks, guns, molasses, tobacco, alcohol, and disease. Later the British North West Company and Hudson’s Bay Company established trading posts. The first whites to enter the Pacific Northwest were Spanish mariners from the south and British and American traders stopping for furs on their way to China. Each spring they crossed the Rockies to hunt the buffalo and fight for control of the hunting territory. On the east the horse transformed the way of life of the Shoshonis, Nez Percés, Kalispels, and Blackfeet. The smoked fish was traded all over the region. Farther inland, along the Columbia River, tribal economies centered around the salmon. Whites were shocked by the head flattening practiced by some coastal peoples and by the potlatch ceremony, in which they gave away their possessions. Near Puget Sound they developed an advanced technology and a stylized art in carved wood. Coastal peoples, such as the Makahs, hunted whales in huge wooden canoes thirty-five feet long. The cultures of the Pacific Northwest tribes were as diverse as their lands. It is a valuable resource both for the serious scholars and general readers. This important work, the first composite history of the region’s native inhabitants, covers the period roughly from 1750 to 1900, from the first white contacts to the aftermath of the Dawes Act. More than one hundred Indian tribes in fifteen language groups inhabited the area of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Western Montana in the nineteenth century.
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